November 1, 2026
How myoblasts become muscle fibres: MyoD and myogenin, myomaker and myomerger fusion, the signals that steer differentiation, and how C2C12, L6 and human models are used.
November 1, 2026
How slow type I and fast IIa and IIx muscle fibres differ, why human 'IIb' fibres are really IIx, how motor units are recruited, and what genetics, training and aging change.
November 1, 2026
How slow wave sleep is scored, how deep sleep cycles and fades with age, why the night's main growth hormone pulse follows it, and what GHRH, somatostatin and ghrelin studies show.
November 1, 2026
What myokines are, how IL-6 became the first, why the irisin hormone is still disputed, how myostatin brakes muscle, why FGF21 is a liver signal, and why myokines are hard to measure.
November 1, 2026
How tendons are built, tendon vs ligament, acute rupture versus tendinopathy, the three phases of tendon repair, why it is so slow, and what peptide research has and has not found.
October 31, 2026
What inflammatory mediators are, how histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins and cytokines produce the cardinal signs, how resolution works and how the mediators are measured.
October 31, 2026
What glutathione is, how cells make, recycle and break it down, how laboratories measure it, and what oral and liposomal glutathione trials actually found.
October 31, 2026
ACTH explained: the 39-residue pituitary peptide cut from POMC, how CRH, vasopressin and cortisol feedback control it, how MC2R and MRAP drive cortisol, and where Semax fits.
October 31, 2026
What makes a medicine a peptide drug, how many are approved, how insulin, octreotide and the GLP-1 drugs were engineered and made, and how they differ from research peptides.
October 31, 2026
The 28 types of collagen by family, where types I to V are found, how collagen synthesis works step by step, the inherited collagen disorders, and what collagen peptide research shows.