Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) Explained: How Peptides Are Fragmented and Sequenced
How tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) selects and fragments a peptide ion, how b and y ions spell out its sequence, and what MS/MS can and cannot prove.
Archive
Tag: Peptide Science
Plain-English explainers on peptide fundamentals: amino acids, structure, receptors, stability and how peptides are made.
Histidine Structure: The Imidazole Side Chain, Its pKa and Why It Binds Copper
Histidine structure explained: formula and masses, the imidazole side chain and its two nitrogens, tautomers, a pKa near 6, and how histidine binds copper and nickel.
Glycine Structure and Proline Structure: The Amino Acids That Bend Peptide Chains
Glycine structure and proline structure explained: why glycine is achiral, why proline is not an imino acid, cis-trans proline isomerization and split HPLC peaks.
Michaelis Menten Kinetics Explained: Km, Vmax and kcat for Peptide and Enzyme Assays
Michaelis-Menten kinetics explained: the 1913 equation, what Km, Vmax, kcat and kcat/Km mean, how to read the plot, why Lineweaver-Burk misleads, and peptide assays.
What the FDA’s 2026 Peptide Reviews Say About Seven Research Compounds
FDA published substance reviews for seven research peptides in July 2026. What they found on human data for BPC-157, KPV, MOTS-c and more.
GHK-Cu vs AHK-Cu: What the Research Actually Separates
GHK-Cu and AHK-Cu differ by one methyl group. One has a human randomised trial behind it; the other has a single ex-vivo study.
Systematic Review vs Meta-Analysis: What Each Can Tell You
What a systematic review is, what a meta-analysis adds, why a paper titled "systematic review" sometimes isn't one, and what the published reviews of BPC-157, GHK-Cu, TB-500 and Cerebrolysin actually concluded.
The MAPK Pathway Explained: Ras, RAF, MEK and ERK
How the three-tier Ras-RAF-MEK-ERK cascade works, why signal duration rather than signal presence decides cell fate, why a pathway inhibitor can switch the pathway on, and which research compounds genuinely have published ERK data.
GSH vs GSSG: Reduced and Oxidized Glutathione in the Laboratory
GSH vs GSSG: reduced and oxidized glutathione — structures, the GSH:GSSG ratio, how each is measured without artefacts, and how to keep GSH stable.
Thymosin Alpha-1 vs Thymosin Beta-4: Two Unrelated Peptides With One Family Name
Thymosin alpha-1 vs thymosin beta-4: one family name, two unrelated peptides. Their origins, sequences, genes and research, and where TB-500 fits.
