October 31, 2026
What the pineal gland does: how light at the eye controls night-time melatonin production, the MT1 and MT2 receptors, calcification, common myths and the peptide research.
October 31, 2026
What IGF-1 is, how the liver makes it under growth hormone control, why binding proteins hold almost all of it, how its receptor signals, and what cancer and lifespan research shows.
October 31, 2026
How the hair growth cycle works: anagen, catagen, telogen, exogen and kenogen, the dermal papilla, the signals behind each phase, and what peptide studies in cells and mice show.
October 31, 2026
How skin wounds close: hemostasis, inflammation, granulation tissue and remodelling, why chronic wounds stall, how tissue repair is studied, and what peptide research shows.
October 31, 2026
What glucagon does: how alpha cells make it, what the glucagon receptor does in the liver, how it compares with insulin, and why multi-agonist peptides target it.
October 30, 2026
How tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) selects and fragments a peptide ion, how b and y ions spell out its sequence, and what MS/MS can and cannot prove.
October 30, 2026
Histidine structure explained: formula and masses, the imidazole side chain and its two nitrogens, tautomers, a pKa near 6, and how histidine binds copper and nickel.
October 30, 2026
Glycine structure and proline structure explained: why glycine is achiral, why proline is not an imino acid, cis-trans proline isomerization and split HPLC peaks.
October 30, 2026
Michaelis-Menten kinetics explained: the 1913 equation, what Km, Vmax, kcat and kcat/Km mean, how to read the plot, why Lineweaver-Burk misleads, and peptide assays.
October 30, 2026
What liquid chromatography is, how its six main modes separate peptides, why reversed-phase is the default, and how each module of an HPLC system shapes a purity result.