GSH vs GSSG: Reduced and Oxidized Glutathione in the Laboratory
GSH vs GSSG: reduced and oxidized glutathione — structures, the GSH:GSSG ratio, how each is measured without artefacts, and how to keep GSH stable.
Archive
Category: Anti-Aging & Cellular Research
Ageing-biology research explained: GHK-Cu, Epitalon and telomeres, MOTS-c and mitochondrial peptides, NAD+, sirtuins, mTOR, Nrf2, senolytics and thymus peptides, separating findings from hype.
Thymosin Alpha-1 vs Thymosin Beta-4: Two Unrelated Peptides With One Family Name
Thymosin alpha-1 vs thymosin beta-4: one family name, two unrelated peptides. Their origins, sequences, genes and research, and where TB-500 fits.
Sirtuins Explained: SIRT1 to SIRT7
The seven mammalian sirtuins, why NAD+ is consumed rather than used as a cofactor, the replication failure that reset the lifespan claims, the resveratrol assay artefact, and what the SIRT1-FOXO4 link does and does not imply.
Nrf2 and Oxidative Stress Explained
What oxidative stress actually means, how the Keap1-Nrf2 switch works, why Nrf2 controls glutathione synthesis, what happened when antioxidants and an Nrf2 activator were put into large trials, and why the GHK-Cu Nrf2 claim does not hold up.
mTOR Explained: The Cell’s Growth Switch
What mTOR is, how a soil bacterium from Easter Island led to it, the difference between mTORC1 and mTORC2, what the mouse lifespan data actually said, and why rapamycin is not the clean mTORC1 inhibitor it is often described as.
Senolytics Explained: What Clearing ‘Zombie’ Cells Has and Hasn’t Shown
What senescent 'zombie' cells are, how senolytics such as dasatinib plus quercetin, fisetin, navitoclax and FOXO4-DRI were discovered, and what the first human trials have and haven't shown.
NAD+, NMN and Nicotinamide Riboside: What the Research Shows
NAD+ explained: why this coenzyme matters, how NMN and nicotinamide riboside feed it, what human trials of the precursors found, and what remains unproven.
Telomeres and Telomerase: The Science Behind the Ageing Claims
Telomeres and telomerase explained: how chromosome caps shorten, the enzyme that rebuilds them, why longer isn't always better, and Epitalon's claims.
Thymus Peptides Explained: Thymosin Alpha-1, Thymulin, Thymogen and Thymalin
Thymus peptides explained: how the thymus shrinks with age, and what research shows for thymosin alpha-1, zinc-dependent thymulin, the dipeptides thymogen and Vilon, and thymalin.
MOTS-c: What the Mitochondrial Peptide Research Shows
MOTS-c explained: the 16-amino-acid peptide encoded in mitochondrial DNA, its AMPK and exercise research, what human data exist, and sourcing in Canada.