October 31, 2026
What makes a medicine a peptide drug, how many are approved, how insulin, octreotide and the GLP-1 drugs were engineered and made, and how they differ from research peptides.
October 30, 2026
Histidine structure explained: formula and masses, the imidazole side chain and its two nitrogens, tautomers, a pKa near 6, and how histidine binds copper and nickel.
October 30, 2026
Glycine structure and proline structure explained: why glycine is achiral, why proline is not an imino acid, cis-trans proline isomerization and split HPLC peaks.
October 27, 2026
N-acetyl peptides explained: the fixed 42 Da mass shift, why an acetate salt is not N-acetylation, and what is actually published.
October 22, 2026
Peptide sequence notation decoded: H-/-OH and Ac-/-NH2 termini, cyclo and disulfide bridges, non-standard residues and salt forms, plus what end caps do.
October 21, 2026
Peptide molecular weight explained: calculating it from the sequence, end groups and disulfides, why salt forms weigh more, and how to check a certificate.
October 21, 2026
Peptides vs small molecules: size, synthesis, stability, analysis and how each reaches its target, and why a peptide catalogue also lists non-peptides.
October 21, 2026
Amino acid analysis explained: acid hydrolysis, derivatization and quantitation, which residues are lost, and how AAA compares with CHN, qNMR and UV.
October 11, 2026
What dipeptides, tripeptides and oligopeptides are, how short peptides are named and counted, and examples from glutathione and GHK-Cu to KPV, TRH and aspartame.
October 11, 2026
What cell-penetrating peptides are, how the Tat and penetratin discoveries happened, why the 2003 fixation artefact reset the field, why endosomal escape is still the bottleneck, and where CPPs stand today.