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Articles on MOTS-c, the mitochondria-derived peptide studied in metabolic research, and on sourcing it in Canada for laboratory use.
How the three-tier Ras-RAF-MEK-ERK cascade works, why signal duration rather than signal presence decides cell fate, why a pathway inhibitor can switch the pathway on, and which research compounds genuinely have published ERK data.
The seven mammalian sirtuins, why NAD+ is consumed rather than used as a cofactor, the replication failure that reset the lifespan claims, the resveratrol assay artefact, and what the SIRT1-FOXO4 link does and does not imply.
What mTOR is, how a soil bacterium from Easter Island led to it, the difference between mTORC1 and mTORC2, what the mouse lifespan data actually said, and why rapamycin is not the clean mTORC1 inhibitor it is often described as.
What AMP-activated protein kinase is, how LKB1 and CaMKK2 switch it on, what it turns on and off, why metformin's AMPK link is still contested, and which research compounds genuinely act on it.
MOTS-c explained: the 16-amino-acid peptide encoded in mitochondrial DNA, its AMPK and exercise research, what human data exist, and sourcing in Canada.
MOTS-c, SS-31 (elamipretide) and humanin compared: where each comes from, what the research shows, the 2025 FDA approval, and sourcing in Canada.